Compostable Polymer Materials deals with an environmentally important family of polymers. These compostable polymers are specially designed to be disposed of in industrial and municipal compost facilities after their useful lives. They are able to undergo degradation and leave no visible, distinguishable or toxic residue. Environmental concerns and legislative measures taken in different regions of the world make composting an increasingly attractive route for the disposal of redundant polymers. This book provides up-to-date results and information about compostable polymer materials in a coherent and comprehensive manner. It covers the entire spectrum of preparation, properties, degradation, and environmental issues. The emphasis is on recent studies concerning compostability and ecotoxicological assessment of polymer materials--important issues from the ecological point of view. Moreover, the thermal behavior of compostable polymers is described. Their price evolution over the past decade, an estimation of the market and future perspectives are presented. This book is aimed at polymer scientists and chemical engineers as well as scientists working in the fields of ecology and environmental science. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Compostable polymer materials – definitions, structure and methods of preparation 3. Properties and applications 4. Thermal and thermooxidative degradation 5. Composting methods and legislation 6. Biodegradability testing of compostable polymer materials 7. Ecotoxicological assessement 8. Environmental impact of compostable polymer materials 9. Perspectives Index

About the Book :- Features Provides a comprehensive summary of the theoretical aspects of diffusion and mass transfer Analyzes a wide variety of mass transfer problems Explains and shows the use of solution methods such as Green’s functions, perturbation methods, and similarity transformations Considers various aspects of polymer behavior, including polymer diffusion, sorption in polymers, and volumetric behavior of polymer–solvent systems Discusses the free-volume theory for the prediction of self-diffusion coefficients for polymer–solvent systems Summary A proper understanding of diffusion and mass transfer theory is critical for obtaining correct solutions to many transport problems. Diffusion and Mass Transfer presents a comprehensive summary of the theoretical aspects of diffusion and mass transfer and applies that theory to obtain detailed solutions for a large number of important problems. Particular attention is paid to various aspects of polymer behavior, including polymer diffusion, sorption in polymers, and volumetric behavior of polymer–solvent systems. The book first covers the five elements necessary to formulate and solve mass transfer problems, that is, conservation laws and field equations, boundary conditions, constitutive equations, parameters in constitutive equations, and mathematical methods that can be used to solve the partial differential equations commonly encountered in mass transfer problems. Jump balances, Green’s function solution methods, and the free-volume theory for the prediction of self-diffusion coefficients for polymer–solvent systems are among the topics covered. The authors then use those elements to analyze a wide variety of mass transfer problems, including bubble dissolution, polymer sorption and desorption, dispersion, impurity migration in plastic containers, and utilization of polymers in drug delivery. The text offers detailed solutions, along with some theoretical aspects, for numerous processes including viscoelastic diffusion, moving boundary problems, diffusion and reaction, membrane transport, wave behavior, sedimentation, drying of polymer films, and chromatography. Presenting diffusion and mass transfer from both engineering and fundamental science perspectives, this book can be used as a text for a graduate-level course as well as a reference text for research in diffusion and mass transfer. The book includes mass transfer effects in polymers, which are very important in many industrial processes. The attention given to the proper setup of numerous problems along with the explanations and use of mathematical solution methods will help readers in properly analyzing mass transfer problems. Contents :- Introduction Generalized Transport Phenomena Approach to Problem Analysis General Content Conservation Laws and Field Equations Concentrations, Velocities, and Fluxes Thermodynamics of Purely Viscous Fluid Mixtures Conservation of Mass for a One-Component System Conservation of Mass for a Mixture Modification of Field Equations for Mass Transfer Conservation of Linear Momentum for One-Component Systems Conservation of Linear Momentum for a Mixture Conservation of Moment of Momentum for One-Component Systems Conservation of Moment of Momentum for a Mixture Strategies for the Solution of Mass Transfer Problems Boundary Conditions Definitions Jump Balances for Mass Conservation Jump Balances for Linear Momentum Conservation Postulated Boundary Conditions at Phase Interfaces Boundary Conditions in the Absence of Mass Transfer Utilization of Jump Balances Additional Comments on Boundary Conditions Boundary Conditions and Uniqueness of Solutions Constitutive Equations Constitutive Principles First-Order Theory for Binary Systems Combined Field and Constitutive Equations for First-Order Binary Theory First-Order Theory for Ternary Systems Special Second-Order Theory for Binary Systems Viscoelastic Effects in Flow and Diffusion Validity of Constitutive Equations Parameters in Constitutive Equations General Approach in Parameter Determination Diffusion in Polymer–Solvent Mixtures Diffusion in Infinitely Dilute Polymer Solutions Diffusion in Dilute Polymer Solutions Diffusion in Concentrated Polymer Solutions – Free-Volume Theory for Self-Diffusion Diffusion in Concentrated Polymer Solutions – Mutual Diffusion Process Diffusion in Crosslinked Polymers Additional Properties of Diffusion Coefficients Special Behaviors of Polymer–Penetrant Systems Volumetric Behavior of Polymer–Penetrant Systems Sorption Behavior of Polymer–Penetrant Systems Antiplasticization Nonequilibrium at Polymer–Penetrant Interfaces Mathematical Apparatus Basic Definitions Classification of Second-Order Partial Differential Equations Specification of Boundary Conditions Sturm–Liouville Theory Series and Integral Representations of Functions Solution Methods for Partial Differential Equations Separation of Variables Method Separation of Variables Solutions Integral Transforms Similarity Transformations Green’s Functions for Ordinary Differential Equations Green’s Functions for Elliptic Equations Green’s Functions for Parabolic Equations Perturbation Solutions Weighted Residual Method Solution Strategy for Mass Transfer Problems Proposed Solution Methods Induced Convection Solutions of a General Set of Mass Transfer Problems Mixing of Two Ideal Gases Steady Evaporation of a Liquid in a Tube Unsteady-State Evaporation Analysis of Free Diffusion Experiments Dissolution of a Rubbery Polymer Bubble Growth from Zero Initial Size Stability Behavior and Negative Concentrations in Ternary Systems Analysis of Impurity Migration in Plastic Containers Efficiency of Green’s Function Solution Method Mass Transfer in Tube Flow Time-Dependent Interfacial Resistance Laminar Liquid Jet Diffusion Analysis Analysis of the Diaphragm Cell Dissolved Organic Carbon Removal from Marine Aquariums Unsteady Diffusion in a Block Copolymer Drying of Solvent-Coated Polymer Films Flow and Diffusion Past a Flat Plate with Solid Dissolution Gas Absorption in Vertical Laminar Liquid Jet Utilization of Polymers in Drug Delivery Gas Absorption and Diffusion into a Falling Liquid Film Perturbation Solutions of Mass Transfer Moving Boundary Problems Dissolution of a Plane Surface of a Pure Gas Phase Bubble Dissolution Singular Perturbations in Moving Boundary Problems Dropping Mercury Electrode Sorption in Thin Films Numerical Analysis of Mass Transfer Moving Boundary Problems Diffusion and Reaction Design of a Tubular Polymerization Reactor Transport Effects in Low-Pressure CVD Reactors Solution of Reaction Problems with First-Order Reactions Plug Flow Reactors with Variable Mass Density Bubble Dissolution and Chemical Reaction Danckwerts Boundary Conditions for Chemical Reactors Transport in Nonporous Membranes Assumptions Used in the Theory for Membrane Transport Steady Mass Transport in Binary Membranes Steady Mass Transport in Ternary Membranes Unsteady Mass Transport in Binary Membranes Phase Inversion Process for Forming Asymmetric Membranes Pressure Effects in Membranes Analysis of Sorption and Desorption Derivation of a Short-Time Solution Form for Sorption in Thin Films Sorption to a Film from a Pure Fluid of Finite Volume A General Analysis of Sorption in Thin Films Analysis of Step-Change Sorption Experiments Integral Sorption in Glassy Polymers Integral Sorption in Rubbery Polymers Oscillatory Diffusion and Diffusion Waves Dispersion and Chromatography Formulation of Taylor Dispersion Problem Dispersion in Laminar Tube Flow for Low Peclet Numbers Dispersion in Laminar Tube Flow for Long Times Dispersion in Laminar Tube Flow for Short Times Analysis of an Inverse Gas Chromatography Experiment Effects of Pressure Gradients on Diffusion: Wave Behavior and Sedimentation Wave Propagation in Binary Fluid Mixtures Hyperbolic Waves Dispersive Waves Time Effects for Parabolic and Hyperbolic Equations Sedimentation Equilibrium Viscoelastic Diffusion Experimental Results for Sorption Experiments Viscoelastic Effects in Step-Change Sorption Experiments Slow Bubble Dissolution in a Viscoelastic Fluid Transport with Moving Reference Frames Relationships Between Fixed and Moving Reference Frames Field Equations in Moving Reference Frames Steady Diffusion in an Ultracentrifuge Material Time Derivative Operators Frame Indifference of Material Time Derivatives Frame Indifference of Velocity Gradient Tensor Rheological Implications Appendix: Vector and Tensor Notation General Notation Conventions Vectors Tensors Results for Curvilinear Coordinates Material and Spatial Representations Reynolds’ Transport Theorem About the Author James S. Vrentas received his B.S. degree in chemical engineering from the University of Illinois and his M.Ch.E. and Ph.D. degrees in chemical engineering from the University of Delaware. As the Dow Professor of Chemical Engineering at the Pennsylvania State University, he teaches and conducts research in the fundamental aspects of diffusion and fluid mechanics. He is the recipient of two national AIChE awards, the William H. Walker Award for Excellence in Contributions to the Chemical Engineering Literature and the Charles M. A. Stine Award for Materials Engineering and Science. At Penn State, he has received the College of Engineering’s Premier Research Award and several teaching awards. Christine M. Vrentas received her B.S. degree in chemical engineering from the Illinois Institute of Technology and her M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in chemical engineering from Northwestern University where she studied the dynamic and transient properties of polymer solutions. She has served as an instructor at the Pennsylvania State University and is currently an adjunct professor in the chemical engineering department working in the areas of diffusion and fluid mechanics. As a public school volunteer and supporter of science education, she helped coach State College Area Middle and High School Science Olympiad teams to national gold medals and served as a regional and state event supervisor at Science Olympiad competitions.

This timely book covers the most recent developments in the chemical detection of explosives in a variety of environments. Beginning with a broad view of the need for and the potential applications of chemical sensing, the book considers the issue of how to effectively include chemical sensing into systems designed to find hidden explosives devices. Offering a firsthand look at the latest technologies direct from those who are actively developing them, the book features: • A look at the history of the field, including the contributions of recent programs • A brief explanation of the chemistry of various explosives and differences in the behavior of their molecules as they are released from a source and migrate to a place where they may be detected • An introduction to the problems presented by trace element sensing • An overview and comparison of the technologies currently being used and developed • Case studies of field experiences with chemical sensors • A look at the emerging threat of non-traditional explosives This book is an important reference for explosives engineers, systems engineers involved in the development of related devices, government agencies and NGOs involved in demining efforts, military and law enforcement specialists in mines and explosive ordinance disposal (EOD), as well as environmental scientists and chemists involved in explosives research. In addition to providing field workers with knowledge that will help them decide where and how to search for explosives using chemical sensors. It will provide them with an understanding of the potential and the limitations of chemical sensing in their search for and identification of dangerous devices. Contents Foreword. Preface. List of Contributors. PART I: FUNDAMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS. Chapter 1. Chemical Sensing. Chapter 2. What to Detect? Chapter 3. Dangerous Innovations. Chapter 4. Where Should We Look For Explosive Molecules? Chapter 5. Structure of Turbulent Chemical Plumes. PART II: FIELD EXPERIENCE. Chapter 6. Detection of Trace Explosive Signatures in the Marine Environment. Chapter 7. Explosives Detection Using Ultrasensitive Electronic Vapor Sensors: Field Experience. Chapter 8. Reflections on Hunting Mines By Aroma Sensing. PART III: EXAMPLE SENSING TECHNOLOGIES. Chapter 9. Explosives Detection Based on Amplifying Fluorescence Polymers. Chapter 10. Ion Mobility Spectrometry. Chapter 11. Mass Spectrometry For Security Screening of Explosives. Chapter 12. Explosive Vapor Detection Using Microcantilever Sensors. Chapter 13. Lab-On-A-Chip Detection of Explosives. Chapter 14. Nanoscale Sensing Assemblies Using Quantum Dot-Protein Bioconjugates. Chapter 15. Remote Sensing of Explosive Materials Using Differential Reflection Spectroscopy. PART IV: SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL. Appendix : Organizations Involved in Searching For Hidden Explosives. Definitions, Symbols and Abbreviations. Explosives Definitions. Bibliography. Index. Ronald L. Woodfin, PHD, is a retired systems engineer of Sandia National Laboratories, where he held the title principal member of the technical staff. With special interests in techniques related to mine warfare and humanitarian demining, Woodfin has served on several National Research Council Committees, including the Committee on Review and Evaluation of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Material Disposal Program and the Committee for Mine Warfare Assessment of the Naval Studies Board. He also chaired the chemical sensing sessions in the Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh International Symposia on Technology and the Mine Problem.

It is hard to imagine an area of study in engineering and/or science for which a basic knowledge and understanding of heat transfer is not an integral part of the discipline .Written at a level that is understandable to both students and practitioners, Heat Transfer Applications for the Practicing Engineer takes a highly pragmatic approach to this important topic. The book's coverage is thorough, its presentation is logical, and it addresses students' needs as well as the needs of the practicing professional. Although geared towards chemical, mechanical, civil, and environmental engineers working on real-world industrial applications, applied scientists will also find the text a useful reference. The book is divided into four parts. Part I addresses basic engineering principles. Part II is concerned with heat transfer fundamentals, particularly as they apply to conduction, convection, and radiation. Part III extends the material presented earlier to real-world heat transfer applications. Part IV provides ABET (Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology) material from a heat transfer perspective. The text features: -Coverage of topics from the ground up for those readers with little to no background in heat transfer -Clear, precise explanations on how to carry out calculations associated with heat transfer -Bridges the gap between heat transfer theory and practice -Provides specific heat exchange operation, maintenance, and inspection (OH&I) details -Presents rules of thumb suggestions for heat exchanger design and predictive purposes -Nearly 300 illustrative examples -Material that prepares one for the professional engineer's exam Additional problems on a Wiley website; solutions to these problems plus exams are available for those who adopt the text Readers will gain a solid working knowledge of heat transfer fundamentals, principles, and applications upon completion of this text, and be better prepared to pass the professional engineer's exam, address more advanced material, and solve more complex problems. Contents Contents Preface xv Introductory Comments xvii Part One Introduction 1. History of Heat Transfer 2. History of Chemical Engineering: Transport Phenomena vs Unit Operations 3. Process Variables 4. Conservation Laws 5. Gas Laws 6. Heat Exchanger Pipes and Tubes Part Two Principles 7. Steady-State Heat Conduction 8. Unsteady-State Heat Conduction 9. Forced Convection 10. Free Convection 11. Radiation 12. Condensation and Boiling 13. Refrigeration and Cryogenics Part Three Heat Transfer Equipment Design Procedures and Applications 14. Introduction to Heat Exchangers 15. Double Pipe Heat Exchangers 16. Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers 17. Fins and Extended Surfaces 18. Other Heat Exchange Equipment 19. Insulation and Refractory 20. Operation, Maintenance, and Inspection (OM&I) 21. Entropy Considerations and Analysis 22. Design Principles and Industrial Applications 23. Environmental Management 24. Accident and Emergency Management 25. Ethics 26. Numerical Methods 27. Economics and Finance 28. Open-Ended Problems References Appendix A. Units Appendix B. Tables Appendix C. Figures Appendix D. Steam Tables Index Louis Theodore EngScD, a professor of chemical engineering for fifty years, is the author of many Wiley books, including Fluid Flow for the Practicing Chemical Engineer, Thermodynamics for the Practicing Engineer, and Mass Transfer Operations for the Practicing Engineer. He is also a contributor and Section Editor to Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook and coauthor of Introduction to Hazardous Waste Incineration, Second Edition, which is also published by Wiley. Dr. Theodore is currently a consultant to Theodore Tutorials, located in East Williston, New York.