Igneous and metamorphic petrology has over the last twenty years expanded rapidly into a broad, multifaceted and increasingly quantitative science. Advances in geochemistry, geochronology, and geophysics, as well as the appearance of new analytical tools, have all contributed to new ways of thinking about the origin and evolution of magmas, and the processes driving metamorphism. This book is designed to give students a balanced and comprehensive coverage of these new advances, as well as a firm grounding in the classical aspects of igneous and metamorphic petrology. The emphasis throughout is on the processes controlling petrogenesis, but care is taken to present the important descriptive information so crucial to interpretation. Contents Preface. 1. Overview of fundamental concepts. 2. Composition and classification of magmatic rocks. 3. Thermodynamics and kinetics: an introduction. 4. Silicate melts and volatile fluids in magma systems. 5. Crystal-melt equilibria in magmatic systems. 6. Chemical dynamics of melts and crystals. 7. Kinetic paths and fabric of magmatic rocks. 8. Physical and thermal dynamics of bodies of magma. 9. Magma ascent and emplacement: field relations of intrusions. 10. Magma extrusion: field relations of volcanic rock bodies. 11. Generation of magma. 12. Differentiation of magmas. 13. Magmatic petrotectonic associations. 14. Metamorphic rocks and metamorphism: an overview. 15. Petrography of metamorphic rocks: fabric, composition, and classification. 16. Metamorphic mineral reactions and equilibria. 17. Evolution of imposed metamorphic fabrics: processes and kinetics. 18. Metamorphism at convergent plate margins: P-T-t paths, facies, and zones. 19. Precambrian rock associations. Appendix A. Appendix B. References Cited. Glossary. Index Myron G. Best is Professor Emeritus at Brigham Young University, is a Fellow of the Geological Society of America, and a member of the American Geophysical Union.

About the Book Designed to be useful even after students have completed thier formal optical mineralogy course, Optical Mineralogy covers advances in instrumentation and includes illustrations of minerals as seen through petrological microscopes. The initial chapters familiarize readers with essential concepts in optics and optical mineralogy and questions at the end of each chapter provide insight into issues students will find in the field. With tables that make important informations easily accessible, the book highlights the importance of optical mineralogy in the eliciting of information about the interior of crystals. Contents Preface, Part I : Principles and Techniques of Optical Mineralogy, 1.Properties of Light, 2. Sample Preparation for Transmitted Microscopy, 3. Refractometry, 4. Optical Crystallography, 5. The Polarizing Microscope, 6. Microscopic Examination of Minerals I: Orthoscopic Condition, 7. Microscopic Examination of Minerals II, 8. Microscopic Examination of Minerals III: Conoscopic Condition, 9. Reorienting Techniques, 10. New Frontiers in Microscopy, Part II : Systematic Description of Common Rock Forming Minerals, 11. Nesosilicates, 12. Sorosilicates and Cyclosilicates, 13. Inosilicates, 14. Phyllosilicates, 15. Tektosilicates, 16. Non-silicates, Appendices, Michael Levy Chart About the Author Pramod Kumar Verma, a professor of Geology at the University of Delhi, received his Ph.D. in Geology from Harvard University, U.S.A. in 1973. Dr. Verma has taught undergraduate and graduate level courses in mineralogy and physical geochemistry during last four decades. He is primarily a metamorphic petrologist, but began his research in the regional geology of metamorphic rocks in the Eastern Himalayas. In addition to the Himalayas, his current interest is in the petrology of planetary interior. He has published several research articles in leading international journals, and edited two books on the Eastern Himalayan Geology. Prof. Verma has held visiting assignments in the USA, Germany and Zambia. He is a Fellow of the Mineralogical Society London. He has served as President of the Earth System Sciences Section of the Indian Science Congress and Vice President of the Indian Geological Congress.

The book is a comprehensive treatment of the application of geotechnical engineering to site selection, site exploration, design, operation and closure of mine waste storage facilities. It has been developed from the official mining industry guide to the design and operation of tailings and waste rock storage facilities in South Africa, and also from a series of post graduate courses that have been taught at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg for many years. The level and content are suitable as a technical source and reference for practising engineers engaged both in the design and operational management of mine waste storage facilities and for senior undergraduate and postgraduate students. The thirteen chapters follow the sequence of the life cycle of a waste storage facility and also consider the use of mine waste as a construction material. The text is liberally illustrated by both line drawings and photographs, and the theoretical passages are supported by typical test results, worked examples and carefully analysed case histories. Contents Chapter 1: Waste Engineering, Characteristics of Mine Wastes and Types of Waste Storage • The nature and magnitude of the mine waste storage activity • Origins and quantities of mine waste • The effects of climate • Waste characteristics • Principles of mine waste management • Types of mine waste storage • Philosophy and arrangement of this book Chapter 2: Selection of a Site for Storage of Mine Waste • Procedure for site selection • Preliminary assessment of required size of site • Possible fatal flaws in candidate sites • Seeking and obtaining public acceptance • Preliminary ranking of candidate sites • Site feasibility study • Risk analysis • Environmental impact report • Preliminary geotechnical characterization of waste • Preliminary site investigation • Final site selection • Examples of disastrous selection of sites Chapter 3: Geotechnical Exploration of Sites for Development of Mine Waste Storages • Soil engineering survey • Soil engineering data • Detailed information for design of slopes & seepage control • Profile description • Simple in situ tests and soil sampling • Taking undisturbed soil samples for laboratory testing Chapter 4: Environmental and Engineering Characteristics of Mine Waste, Including Stress and Strain Analysis and Laboratory Shear Testing • Characteristics having environmental impact • Engineering characteristics • Changes of waste characteristics with time, and other considerations • Analysis of stresses and strains and the principle of effective stress • The behaviour of mine waste materials subjected to shear • The process of consolidation and pore pressure re-distribution in laboratory shear tests • The strength and viscosity of tailings at large water contents • The shear strengths of interfaces • The shear strength of waste rock • Strain softening of "dry’’ coarse mine wastes • The mechanics of unsaturated waste materials Chapter 5: In Situ Shear Strength Testing of Tailings and Other Waste Materials and Test Interpretation • The shear vane test • The pressuremeter test • The cone penetrometer test • Estimation of potential for liquefaction from cone penetration tests Chapter 6: Measuring the Coefficient of Permeability in the Laboratory and In Situ, Seepage Flow Nets, Drains and Linings, Geosynthetics, Geomembranes and GCL’s • Measuring permeability • Observed differences between small scale and large scale permeability measurements • Laboratory tests for permeability • Methods for measuring permeability in situ • Estimation of permeability from field tests • Large-scale permeability tests using test pads • The permeability of tailings • Seepage and flow nets • The design of filter drains • Calculation of seepage rates through tailings storages • The processes of consolidation and pore pressure re-distribution • Basal impervious liners and surface cover layers • Blockage of filter drains and geotextiles • Geosynthetic materials Chapter 7: The Mechanics of Compaction • The compaction process • Uses of compaction in mine waste engineering • The mechanisms of compaction • Relationships between saturated permeability to water flow and water content • Laboratory compaction • Precautions to be taken with laboratory compaction • Compaction in the field • Designing a compacted clay layer for permeability • Seepage through field-compacted layers • Control of compaction in the field • Special considerations for work in climates with large rates of evaporation • Additional points for consideration Chapter 8: Methods for Constructing Impounding Dykes for Storing Hydraulically Transported Tailings and Other Fine-Grained Wastes • Deposition methods and sequences • Beach formation in hydraulic deposition of fine-grained wastes • Predicting beach profiles • Details of particle size sorting during hydraulic deposition • Effects of particle size sorting on permeability, water content and strength variation down a beach • A comparison of tailings beaches formed in air and in water • Methods for depositing slurries of tailings and other fine-grained waste materials • Operational systems for tailings storages • An example of building an embankment by underwater deposition • Pool control and decanting Chapter 9: Water Control and Functional and Safety Monitoring for Hydraulic Fill Tailings Storages and Dry Dumps Safety Appraisal Special Considerations for Carbonaceous and Radioactive Wastes • Basis of a water control system • Penstocks or decant towers and spillways • Monitoring systems for waste storages • Appraisal of safety for waste storages • Special considerations for carbonaceous wastes • A note on characteristics of radioactive wastes Chapter 10: Water Balances for Tailings Storage Facilities and Dry Waste Dumps • Water balances in general • Required data • Components of the water balance for an operational tailings storage • Examples of water balances for operating hydraulic fill tailings storage impoundments • The possibilities for saving water • Seepage from the tailings storage into the foundation strata and the recession of the phreatic surface following cessation of operations • Drainage of interstitial water as the phreatic surface recedes • The water balance for a "dry’’ dump or a closed and rehabilitated tailings storage • Measuring potential infiltration and runoff • Estimating evaporation or evapotranspiration • Measuring evaporation by solar energy balance • Depth to which evaporation extends • The effects of slope angle and orientation on solar radiation received by slopes of waste storages • Water balances for "Infiltrate, Store, Evapotranspire’’ (ISE) covers and for impervious cover layers on mine waste storages • The water balance for a dry ash dump • Disposal of industrial waste liquids by evaporation and capillary storage in waste • The role of soil heat G in evaporation of water from a soil • Further points to consider • Principles of the measuring weir Chapter 11: Failures of Mine Waste Storages • Failures: causes, consequences, characteristics • Failures of hydraulic fill tailings storages caused by seismic events • Flow failures caused by overtopping • Failure caused by increasing pore pressure • Failures caused by excessive rate of rise • Failure caused by poor control of slurry relative density • Post-failure profiles of hydraulic fill tailings storages • Analysis of the motion of flow failures • The effects of failure geometry on insurance rates • Failures of dumps of coarse wastes • Failures caused by collapse of tailings storages into subterranean caverns or underground workings • Failures of impervious linings installed on steep slopes • Methods for analysis of the stability of slopes • Further points regarding the failure of slopes Chapter 12: Surface Stability of Tailings Storages Slopes – Erosion Rates, Slope Geometry and Engineered Erosion Protection • Past practice for slope angles of tailings storages • Acceptable erosion rates for slopes • Wind erosion compared with water erosion • Acceptable slope geometry for tailings storages • Protection of slopes against erosion by geotechnical means • Special considerations applying to badly eroded abandoned or neglected tailings storages • The effect of eroded tailings on the surroundings of a storage of sulphidic tailings • Wind speed profiles, amplification factors and wind erosion • Wind speed profiles over natural and constructed slopes • Wind tunnel tests on model waste storages • Erosion and deposition by wind on full size waste storages • Analysis of particle movement in the wind • Summary of points to be considered Chapter 13: The Use of Mine Waste for Backfilling of Mining Voids and as a Construction Material • Applications of backfilling • Backfilling of shallow underground mine workings to stabilize the surface • The properties of mine waste as a structural underground support in narrow stopes • Measurements in situ of stresses and strains in fills at great depth • Supporting narrow stopes with steel-reinforced granular tailings backfill • The behaviour of steel mesh-reinforced square columns of cemented cyclone tailings underflow (grout packs) • The use of geotextiles for temporary retention of backfill in narrow stopes during hydraulic placing • The use of mine and industrial wastes in surface construction Subject Index

Mining involves the extraction or abstraction of mineral deposits from the Earth and has been practiced by man since palaeolithic times. As such, It has played an important role in the development of civilization. Unfortunately, the working and processing of mineral deposits can give rise to environmental damage, leading to land being disturbed, topography being changed and hydrogeological conditions being affected adversely. Land that has been spoiled by mining activity generally can be rehabilitated but at a cost. This cost may be recovered indirectly by the benefit that a more attractive environment brings to an area so affected. Mining and its Impact on the Environment provides an overview of the subject, in particular, of the various aspects of subsidence, waste disposal, pollution and dereliction as caused by different types of mining area being remediated. This book will be of benefit to Professionals involved with the development or redevelopment of mining areas, such as civil and mining engineers, engineering geologists, geotechnical engineers, environmental scientists, land developers, hydrologists, hydrogeologists, planners, and students in these fields. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Subsidence Due to the Partial Extraction of Stratiform Mineral Deposits 3. Longwall Mining and Subsidence 4. Metalliferous Mining and Subsidence 5. Abstraction of Fluids and Subsidence 6. Quarrying and Surface Mining 7. Waste Materials from Mining and Their Disposal 8. Mine Effluents and Acid Mine Drainage 9. Dereliction and Contamination Associated with Mining and Related Industries 10. Other Problems Associated with Mining, Index. Fred G. Bell is a Research Associate with the British Geological Survey, formerly Professor and Head of Department of Geology and Applied Geology at the University of Natal, Durban, South Africa. He has acted as a consultant and advisor to numerous organizations. He is the author or co-author of some 230 papers and author or editor of 20 books. Laurance Donnelly is presently a consultant geologist with the Halcrow Group Limited and was previously with International Mining Consultants Limited and the British Geological Survey. He has worked in the UK, Europe, Asia, Australia, Middle East, Central and South America and the Caribbean on mining related projects. He is the author or co-author of some 70 publications.